Teeth are considered to be the prime organs for mastication, speech, and esthetics. The basic structure of tooth involves enamel, dentin, and pulp. Each of these is formed by specialized structures during the various phases of tooth development. One of such specialized structures forming dentin of the tooth are odontoblasts. Being present at the periphery of the pulp chamber, they are in close contact with dentin through cytoplasmic extensions which travel into the entire length of dentin through dentinal tubules. In addition to dentin formation, they play a vital role in performing the various functions of the tooth including nerve sensation. They are functionally active throughout the life span of a healthy tooth and are subjective to numerous injuries causing various oral lesions. This review aims to collect the information with an additional note on the role of odontoblasts and their characteristics in a healthy and diseased tooth structure, their significance in endodontics and three-dimensional (3D) histological means.

Technology has found its root and application in all sectors, and the same stands true in the field of medical education. Moreover, with the emergence of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, the use of technology in online teaching-learning and assessment has increased immensely. The purpose of the current review is to explore the utility of gamification apps to enhance the active engagement of medical students. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine and a total of five articles were selected based on their suitability with the current review objectives. Keywords used in the search include gamification and medical education. Gamification refers to the employment of elements of games in nongame contexts with an intention to engage users and making them to solve the given problems. It promotes the delivery of information in a learner-centered way and meets the requirement of individual students, especially by targeting those domains in which they are interested. These games are designed in such a way that it simulates problems of the real world, wherein students have to apply their knowledge into practice and simultaneously learn the clinical decision-making skills. In conclusion, gamification and the use of technology should be acknowledged as the new aspects of curriculum delivery and all efforts should be taken to incorporate them as one of the components of medical teaching and assessment in the near future across all medical institutions.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly being used in the field of physiotherapy. In India, they are primarily used to determine clinical improvement in patients following intervention or for clinical audit purposes. However, clinical, academic, and research professionals' understanding of the construct, development, and psychometric validation of PROMs are uncertain, on the darker side, and unclear. As a result, this state could potentially lead to significant constraints in practice in terms of proper PROM selection, application, and administration. Furthermore, the lack of availability of PROMs in the patients' native language may necessitate a cross-cultural approach.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a defining feature of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and it contributes to many of the metabolic syndrome's abnormalities. Although our understanding of IR has vastly increased over time, several parts of its assessment continue to elude researchers and doctors. Although the quantitative assessment of insulin sensitivity is not regularly utilized in biochemical investigations for diagnostic purposes, the growing importance of IR has led to further research into its application. IR must be assessed in a number of clinical situations when insulin sensitivity is reduced. IR is being studied more and more in numerous disease states to help researchers better understand its pathophysiology, etiology, and implications. The gold standard approach for determining insulin sensitivity is the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp, although it is impractical due to its labor- and time-intensive nature. As a result, a variety of surrogate indices have been used to make determining IR easier and more accurate. The goal of this study is to highlight different elements and approaches for present and future insulin sensitivity/resistance measurements. Understanding and exploiting the condition will be aided by a thorough understanding of these signs.

The process of medical education delivery has evolved constantly considering the rapid progress in the field of medical sciences, and the varied roles expected of a health-care professional. The current review has been done to explore the role of virtual reality in medical education, and to identify the potential challenges and the suggestions that can aid in the successful introduction of the same in the undergraduate teaching period. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine, and a total of 23 articles were selected based on their suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. Keywords used in the search include virtual reality and medical education in the title alone only. Virtual reality is a kind of dynamic and adaptive learning and has been associated with multiple benefits that extend much beyond what is being offered by conventional teaching. Regardless of the multiple benefits, we must realize that it should be used to keep the intended learning outcomes in mind, so as to ensure that it can be integrated into the curriculum effectively. In conclusion, the tool of virtual reality has all the potential to transform medical education delivery in the coming days. Since virtual reality advocates principles of adult learning and gives them a platform to apply their knowledge to practice and subsequently improve on, it is quite necessary that all the medical colleges look to introduce the same within their setup and integrate it with conventional learning.

Background: Restoration of caries having multisurface involvement in primary teeth is a challenge to dentists. The success of the restoration often depends on its longevity. Hence, it is important to systematically review the longevity of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) on primary molars. Objectives: To determine the longevity of SSC and to determine the reasons of failure for the same. Data Sources: A systematic search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar for the studies published from January 1, 2009 to September 25, 2019. Cross references of the selected articles were also searched and hand searching was done for the studies whose full texts were not available through the electronic search. Gray literature was also searched for the studies according to the relevance of this review. Study Eligibility: Studies were included if they were published between January 1, 2009 and September 25, 2019, which included comparative assessment of SSCs and other multisurface restorations in primary teeth. The study setting should be clinical based. The study designs included in the review were prospective, retrospective, and randomized control clinical trials. Studies written in the English language and studies written in any other language but are possible to get translated into English were included. Reviews, letters to the editor, and short communications were not included in the review. Studies conducted in permanent dentition were not included. For meta-analysis, randomized control trials and retrospective studies were included. Results: 1398 records were identified through data search using search strategy in PubMed, Google Scholar, and through Gray literature. After further exclusion, the total number of articles came out to be 41. Finally, six articles were included in the systematic review. These articles were also subjected to meta-analysis. The pooled success rate for SSC over 12 months was shown to be 96.096%. This was seen to be significantly higher. Conclusion: SSCs showed good longevity than the other restorative materials on primary molars.

Background: Modern anesthesia practice utilizes preemptive analgesia for providing pain relief postoperatively using oral drugs such as pregabalin and gabapentin which are otherwise used for chronic pain management. We aimed to determine which among the two is more proficient. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blinded control study was done among 72 subjects undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under the subarachnoid block and they were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 received a single dose of tablet pregabalin 150 mg orally, Group 2 received tablet gabapentin 600 mg orally, and Group 3 received placebo drug orally (tablet B-complex) 2 h before subarachnoid block. Pain scores, time of 1^st rescue analgesic, total number of rescue analgesics, sedation score, and occurrence of side effects were also noted for 24 h. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 with Chi-square/Fisher's exact test or analysis of variance/Kruskal–Wallis test. A statistically significant difference was considered when P < 0.05. Results: Pain scores were lesser in Group 1 and 2 except at 2^nd h. Total rescue analgesic time among maximum subjects in Group 1 was 4 h 30 min, in Group 2 was 3 h 30 min and 4 h, whereas in Group 3 was 3 h (P < 0.001). The total dose of analgesics in the first 24 h was 2 doses in Group 1, 2 doses in Group 2, and 3 doses in Group 3 (P < 0.001). Sedation score was more on Group 1 and 2 in comparison to Group 3 with no side effects in all groups. Conclusions: We conclude that pregabalin to be the effective preemptive drug because of its lesser pain intensity scores and good sedation property.

Background: Vitiligo is characterized depigmented macules and patches over the skin. It has a major impact on the quality of life (QoL) of patients, many of whom feel distressed and stigmatized by their condition. Aim: To assess QoL in vitiligo patients in terms of clinical severity and psychological burden. Materials and Methods: An observational study on 60 patients with age ≥16 years was conducted at an outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Data were collected in a predesigned pro forma. The QoL of patients and family members was assessed using Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Family DLQI (FDLQI), respectively. The clinical severity was measured using Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) and psychological burden by Vitiligo Impact Score-22 (VIS-22) questionnaire. Results: Sixty patients were included in the study. The mean age was 35.27 ± 2.24. Male-to-female ratio was 1.1:1. About 51.7% of patients were married. Majority of patients were students (30%). The time of presentation after disease onset was 5 years. About 20% of subjects had positive family history. The common sites were face (75%), lower limb (71.67%), and upper limb (60%), with leukotrichia in 11.7% of patients. The mean VASI score at baseline and at 1-month of follow-up after starting treatment was 4.11 ± 0.38 and 3.59 ± 0.58, respectively. The mean DLQI, FDLQI and VIS-22 score were 11.73 ± 0.80, 10.58 ± 0.71, and 37.32 ± 1.53, respectively. VIS-22 and VASI score correlated with changes in DLQI (P < 0.059). Conclusion: Vitiligo largely impairs the QoL of patients. The more the clinical severity (high VASI score), the higher the psychological burden, impairing QoL of patients, and family members.

Background: The liver is primarily or secondarily involved by numerous vascular, metabolic, infectious, and neoplastic processes resulting in formation of focal liver masses, and the detection of such focal liver lesions is frequently accomplished with sonography. However, the categorization a liver mass as benign or malignant on ultrasound has always been a diagnostic dilemma. Objective: This study aimed to assess if the addition of compression sonoelastography to conventional B-mode ultrasound aided in diagnostic accuracy of the focal hepatic lesions. Materials and Methods: We evaluated B-mode characteristics of 52 liver lesions followed by calculation of their strain values on compression sonoelastography. The lesions were categorized as benign or malignant by ascertaining a cutoff strain value and the comparison was made with the histopathological diagnosis/contrast-enhanced computed tomography characteristics of the lesions. Results: The mean strain index value of malignant hepatic lesions (2.12 ± 1.06) was statistically higher than the benign lesions (0.92 ± 1.06) with 2-tailed P = 0.002. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of compression sonoelastography in diagnosing a malignant pathology were 74.4%, 88.9%, 94.6%, and 46.7%, respectively, and the additional evaluation of B-mode features yielded higher sensitivity (95.4% vs. 83.7%) and negative predictive value (75% vs. 46.7%). Conclusion: Compression sonoelastography is an efficient and beneficial complementary tool to B-mode imaging in evaluating solid liver lesions.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess and correlate adverse drug events following coronavirus disease (COVID) vaccination with blood group and dietary style. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out from May 2021 to July 2021. A prevalidated Google questionnaire containing demographic details, dietary style, blood group, preexisting diseases, and adverse events of the COVID vaccine was circulated to all health-care professionals of our institution through mail/WhatsApp. Informed consent was obtained (in Google Forms) from all the participants after describing the purpose of the study and the assurance to maintain anonymity and confidentiality. A total of 102 responses were collected, out of which 100 (n = 100) responses were analyzed and interpreted (two responses were excluded since participants are not vaccinated). The descriptive statistical method is applied for the assessment of adverse events. The Chi-square test is applied to assess the correlation between adverse events with blood group and dietary style. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: The majority of the participants had comorbidities (80%) and were not infected with COVID (90%) before vaccination. Pain at the injection site is very frequently experienced followed by body aches, fatigue, fever, and weakness of the arm. The Chi-square correlation test showed that nonvegetarians had a significantly higher incidence of pain at the injection site compared to vegetarians [χ² = 7.799, P < 0.004]. However, the study did not find a significant association between other adverse events with blood group and dietary style of the participants (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The present study concludes that study participants experienced minor adverse events following Covishield and Covaxin; pain at the injection site, myalgia, and fever are more frequent. Moreover, there is a higher incidence of injection site pain in nonvegetarians compared to vegetarians. However, there is no significant association between other adverse events with blood group and dietary style of the participants.

Aims: This questionnaire-based survey was designed to assess the acquaintance, apprehension, and perceptions of parents toward the COVID-19 pandemic and toward seeking dental care for their children in Visnagar, Gujarat, India. Settings and Design: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Subjects and Methods: The online Google survey form included 6 units with 27 close-ended questions in twin languages (regional and English). Inquiries covered demographics, changes in daily acts, dietary traditions, and preparedness to seek child oral care during November 2020 to January 2021. Results: Out of 400 parents, 172 responded to the electronic survey form. Over half of the guardians affirmed that alveolar treatment could fan out COVID-19. Around 90% resorted to medication (self-medication – 39%, home remedies – 32.6%, and teledentistry – 17.4%) to evade personal dental visits for their children. Conclusions: The awareness about COVID-19 and precautions was significantly high. Though parents were unaware about safeguards practiced by dentists during Covid19. Measures were taken to correct misconceptions among parents about safe dental procedures.

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most important global public health concerns because it increases ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular sickness, and chronic kidney failure. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease report connected 79 risk factors to 41% of all disability-adjusted life years in 2015, with high blood pressure (BP) being the greatest significant risk, surpassing smoking, and obesity. Materials and Methods: The research group conducted a prospective study design in the primary health-care setting of a South Indian city to evaluate the effectiveness of a BP control program. The patients' health was checked, and the results were evaluated over the course of a year. People with hypertension (BP more than 140/90 mmHg) were included in the hypertension group, as were those who had a current diagnosis of hypertension or were using BP medication. Results: The participants in this study were 286 persons with high BP, with an average age of 63.4 years. The average age of the participants was 70 years or older and 53.8% were female. Smokers made up 10.7% of the population, drinkers made up 16.6%, and moderate physical activity was practiced by 18.4% of the participants. Conclusion: Increased public awareness of the need of measuring BP is required to avoid the disastrous effects of inadequate BP control.

Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019. Cycle threshold (Ct) value of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay inversely correlated with viral load and can provide an indirect method of quantifying the number of copies of viral RNA in the sample is not reported clinically. Hence, this study was undertaken to compare the Ct values of patients tested positive for SARS CoV-2 by RT-PCR with severity of illness, duration of hospital stay, and mortality. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore. All patients tested positive for SARS CoV-2 by RT-PCR and admitted in our hospital were included in the study. Details of the patients on the duration of hospital stay, age, presence of comorbidities, intubation, and mortality were collected. Results: The study comprised of 80 patients, 48 (60%) males and 32 (40%) females. The mean age of the study population was 38.38 years. Majority of patients 41.25% had Ct value between 25 and 30. Patients with lower Ct values were significant associated with increased duration of hospital stay and infected more than one person in family indicating higher probability of transmission of infection. Mortality showed significant association with patients of more than 60 years' age. Interpretation and Conclusions: The study shows possible association between Ct values of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay with the duration of hospitalization, infectivity, and mortality. Mention of Ct value along with the positive report could potentially be used to guide patient care management, infection control, and occupational health decisions.

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) have a synergistic effect. Suppression of the immune system by HIV increases the risk for TB infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV). It is known for many years that isoniazid 300 mg for a period of 6 months is given for the prevention of TB. Aim: The present study is a prospective study to assess adverse drug reaction (ADR) and patient adherence to isoniazid in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Subjects and Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 2 months, i.e., January 2021 and February 2021, in the department of ART at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Kakinada. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. The adherence to Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) was assessed using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and all the ADRs reported were assessed for clinical pattern, causality, severity, and preventability. Results: Out of 122 reports, a total of 37 reactions occurred in 24 people. Rash and itching are the majorly reported ADRs, followed by headache and giddiness. According to the WHO causality assessment scale, 21 (87.5%) of the reported cases were probable and 3 (12.5%) were possibly related to suspected medication. Major ADRs were mild (91.6%) according to the severity assessment done by Modified Hartwig and Siegel Scale. Conclusions: Medication adherence is good (61.4%) in the majority of the population (PLHIV), in spite of mild ADRs. The majority of ADRs are mild in nature and the necessity for dechallenge did not arise. Most of the ADRs come under probable, and the majority of them are preventable by proper periodic assessment.

Background: Not long ago, the National AIDS Control Organization awakened the matter of men who have sex with men (MSM) and incorporated it as the most important group population. Targeted interventions (TI), as projected in the NACP-III, have made dauntless efforts to launch about, that this group demands an urgent and intensive attention, indicating a significant amount of departure from its previous polices. All above-mentioned reasons prompted us to undertake this study on evaluating the risk of MSM for sexually transmitted infections. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted and all the acquired data were entered using epi info version 3.5 software and along with proper statistical procedures. Results: In the current study, 156 participants were involved, of which 90% of respondents were male and the remaining were transgender. Majority of the participants in the present study were involved in MSM activity with both regular and nonregular partners (RP)/casual partners. In the present study, 85.3% of the study participants were involved in MSM activity with a regular partner in the last 6 months, which is similar to nonregular partners reflecting high-risk activity. Conclusion: This study offers compelling evidence that MSM is more vulnerable to HIV due to a variety of variables. According to the current studies, about 37% of MSM were married. This brings up additional issues, such as the fact that women often contract HIV, because they are partners of men who are members of the population groups that are most at risk for HIV infection, such as MSM, rather than due to their own sexual behavior.

Introduction: Thalamus is an oval mass of gray matter between the third ventricle and the internal capsule. The medial, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci are the great ascending sensory projections from the periphery. The lateral and medial geniculate bodies transmit the visual and auditory information to the cortex. The thalamus also contains motor projections from the basal ganglia, on their way to the motor cortex and supplementary motor area. Materials and Methods: Over 2-year period from November 2015 onward, 83 patients with magnetic resonance imaging confirmed nontraumatic thalamic lesions were identified, and followed up. The patient population consisted of adults above 18 years of age. They were investigated as to the cause of the lesion and treated. Results: There were 58 male patients, 25 female patients. Stroke was the major cause while less common diseases causing thalamic lesions were demyelination, tumor, calcification, and gliosis. The lesions were more common on the left side. The extent of thalamic involvement was global (50.6%) most commonly. The next common was posteromedial affection (18.1%) and dorsal thalamus (14.5%). Corresponding motor weakness (57.8%) was the most common symptom, though other symptoms such as sensory loss (30.1%), ataxia (27.7%), memory loss (12%), and gaze paresis (30.1%) were also present. Headache (31.3%) and giddiness (24%) were less common than motor weakness. Speech disturbance was seen in 49.4% of patients. Discussion: Stroke is unilateral disease, while venous thrombosis, demyelination, tumor, metabolic diseases and infection can affect thalami bilaterally. While stroke can explain the sudden onset of sensory and motor disturbances, some features like cognitive dysfunction were difficult to explain. A transient disorientation to time can follow acute anterior thalamic lesions. Some patients had language disturbances suggesting that the language dominance can extend down up to thalamus. Chronic pain can also be due to a gliotic lesion in the thalamus. Upward gaze palsy seen in a third of our patients could be due to global thalamic or due to medial longitudinal fasciculus involvement. Two patients had visual hemineglect. Sleep disturbances could also be observed in thalamic disease. Asterixis and hemifacial spasm were not seen in our patients. Three patients with strokes had brachial onset seizures, and one patient had generalized seizures. Different types of gait disturbances were observed in thalamic disease including ataxia, astasia-abasia, and hemiparetic gait. Conclusion: The most common thalamic lesion was an ischemic stroke, followed by bleed. Global thalamic involvement was more common than other partial lesions, though posteromedial and dorsal lesions are also commonly seen. Sensorimotor dysfunction is the most common clinical presentation and less frequent presentations include aphasia, memory disturbances, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunction. Movement disorders, ataxic gait, sleep disturbances, and infrequently, seizures were seen in our series.

Background: The portrayal of alcohol as necessary for a vibrant social life has diverted attention from the harms of alcohol use. There is no safe level of alcohol consumption. Studies focusing on problems associated with alcohol use in the elderly are limited. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of alcohol use in the study population and to study some factors associated with alcohol use in the study population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted in the Rural Health and Training Center at Mandur, Goa, India, over 3 months from February 2022 to April 2022 in persons ≥65 years recruited using systematic random sampling method. Results: Out of 207 participants, 114 (55%) were females and 93 (45%) were males. The mean (±standard deviation) age of the study population was 72.73 ± 7.87 years. The total proportion of alcohol use in the study population was 35.3%. Among those who consumed alcohol, 64.4% were current users and 35.6% were former users. Among the current users, 61.7% were low-risk drinkers, 21.3% were at-risk drinkers, and 10.6% indulged in harmful and hazardous drinking, whereas 6.4% had possible dependence on alcohol. Conclusions: Increase in aging populations implies that the absolute number of older people with alcohol use is on the increase. Hence, health services need to cater to alcohol screening and treatment methods and services in the elderly population.

Objective: Preventive/regular health checkups have gained prominence over the past decade due to lifestyle-associated risks. The association of physical health checkups and mental health with “well-being,” remains unclear. Most of the time less attention is given to psychological health and its importance in physical health and disease. Patients with chronic illness may encounter irreversible changes in health status and may lead to mortality. This is closely related to psychological distress and approximately 6%–34% of the patients with chronic illness developed depression. The objective of the present study is to find the correlation between the psychological well-being and chronic disease of people attending the executive health checkup. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital at Belagavi. The study enrolled 768 individuals based on 52% prevalence of hypertension reporting for an executive health checkup and evaluated their demographic profile and adapted “The Scales of Psychological Well-Being” SPARQ tool of (18 items) questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 67.06 ± 32.94 years and a M: F ratio was 2:1. Multiple linear regression equation of psychological wellbeing of patients (Y) in terms of parameters of chronic diseases was found to be under psychological wellbeing (Y) =331.1862-0.1378 BMI-0.0368SBP-0.7161DBP-0.2030 FBS + 0.2727 PPBS-30.8144 HBA1C-0.0682 cholesterol. Conclusions: There is a significant and negative relationship between psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases.

Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is a rare clinicopathological entity, included in the 2000 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system in the category of glioneuronal tumors. These are WHO Grade II, slow-growing tumors in adults with known recurrences. To date, about 70 cases of liponeurocytomas have been reported. This tumor needs to be differentiated from oligodendroglioma as well as medulloblastoma which are more common and aggressive, requiring postoperative chemoradiation. A high index of suspicion is thus advocated for the diagnosis. We present one such case of this rare entity reported in our institute. A 42-year-old female presented with a 4-month history of headache, neck pain, reduced vision, and cerebellar signs. Imaging showed a midline lesion involving the cerebellar vermis and left lobe suggestive of anaplastic ependymoma/hemangioblastoma. The final diagnosis of cerebellar liponeurocytoma was rendered on routine histopathological examination supported by immunohistochemical analysis.

Conservative treatment of the traumatized immature vital permanent teeth is considered critical step for rehabilitating with continued normal development of root and apex closure without adverse sequelae. Hence, the present article describes the case series of successfully and effectively managing the fractured vital immature permanent teeth (Ellis Class-II and Ellis Class-III dental trauma) in pediatric patients by employing three different conservative Vital Pulp Therapy (VPT) approaches using suitable sealing/pulp-capping agents to promote apexogenesis, followed by functional and esthetic restoration. In all the three presented cases, Apexogenesis was achieved without any unfavorable outcome like pulpal or periapical sequelae. Furthermore, the current dental literature relevant to VPT procedures for apexogenesis in young permanent teeth has been thoroughly described in this article.

Takayasu's disease (TD) also known as pulseless disease is an arteriopathy characterized by vasculitis affecting the aorta and its branches. It is also known as aortic arch syndrome, nonspecific aorto-arteritis, and young female arteritis. Pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu's arteritis is a rare phenomenon. Pulmonary artery vasculitis leads to pulmonary arterial hypertension and rarely manifests as pleural effusion. Patients with pulmonary arteritis and pleural effusion usually present as chest pain, cough, and dyspnea. Percentage of involvement of pulmonary artery in TD is variable. Pleural effusion occurs as sequelae of pulmonary artery involvement. We report the case of a 46-year-old female who presented to us with fever, weight loss, dyspnea, and chest pain. Clinical examination and investigations revealed Takayasu's arteritis and tubercular empyema. This case report is a rare presentation of Takayasu's arteritis with tubercular empyema without pulmonary arteritis.

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a congenital somatic maldevelopment in which the renal cortex is replaced by numerous cysts of varying sizes with insinuating dysplastic parenchyma in between. In 76% of cases, it is unilateral occurring on the left kidney. The condition could be diagnosed by ultrasound during pregnancy or after delivery. According to various studies, it follows a benign course and can be managed conservatively. Here, we present a series of five cases of unilateral MCDK that required surgical management due to either parent's psychosocial constraints or incidental discovery during surgery.

The major purpose of posting MBBS students in community medicine is to understand the ground realities of different existing problems leading to the disease. The students chalk out possible solutions using the available resources and transform the solution to an intervention explicitly designed for the family or individual. Family Health Advisory Services provides a platform to learn the above intent, make family visits in the community, reach a community diagnosis associated with various prevailing and contributing factors, and finally formulate a structured and specific elucidation to root out the disease or health condition. The village visit during the posting in the department of community medicine is crucial for making the preventive and promotive steps before the arrival of ill-health conditions. It also thrills the motive of different schemes and programs by state and central government in their approach and consequence if appropriately and adequately implemented in the anticipated circumstance and situation. The current article explores how a student utilizes community posting to go deep into a family's running and prevailing problems, identify the responsible and probable causes, and find a feasible and possible solution concerning the family's affordability, accessibility, and acceptability.

The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a public health emergency of global concern. The findings of the studies have reported that owing to the pandemic, the delivery of essential and emergency sexual and reproductive health-care services has been significantly jeopardized. This has resulted in a considerable rise in the number of episodes of gender-based violence, with the situation being grimmer in settings with poor health systems or among people who are being exposed to some form of humanitarian emergencies. This calls for an indispensable need to improve the delivery of sexual and reproductive health-related services to all women, especially those living in low-resource settings. To conclude, the COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for the disruption of almost all types of health-care services and the same thing has been observed with regard to the delivery of sexual and reproductive health-care needs of women. It is the need of the hour to bridge the existing gap and give adequate priority to the special needs of women, which very much determine their quality of life.